Articles

Biofilms & Surfaces

Categories: Cleaning for Health & Safety, Innovations, Trends & Technology

The term “biofilm,” with specific respect to microbiological applications, was coined by the late Professor J. William (Bill) Costerton, of the University of Montana. Professor Costerton observed that bacteria and other cellular microorganisms often create their own living space to support their long-term survival, propagation, and spread. And with that, Bill Costerton opened a new arm of the science of microbiology.

Of course, the “biofilms” have always been present with microbes. Bacterial species are prolific in forming biofilms across a dazzling array of natural environments. You can find bacterial biofilms in any watercourse, but they are also forming biofilms within your body, all of the time. In fact, your own body relies upon bacterial biofilms for normal survival, human health, and even welfare.

Microbes and the body

Once a newborn baby leaves its mother’s womb, it starts to encounter common bacterial species such as E. coli, which quickly moves to colonize the young infant’s gut, thus assisting with normal digestion. The skin of the newborn is also quickly covered with bacteria and other microbes which become established and play an important role in the maintenance of healthy skin. These bacteria and other microbes are called “microflora.” They live in a happy symbiosis with us all of our lives. 

Although we have a large base population of happy bugs, not all of them are good, and sometimes even the good bugs can behave badly. When microbes behave badly, the human body repels them with what we know as an immune response. That is, our body fights back against the bad behavior to stop a minor infection into becoming a major disaster that could end in significant damage to our bodies, or even death.

Microbes behaving badly

There are essentially two ways that these bugs turn bad. One way is that these bugs simply end up in the wrong space, and so create an infection. Peritonitis is a good example. The gut bacteria normally assist in food digestion and nutrient processing. However, if there is a penetration of the gut lining, and these bacteria travel through the tear and into the bloodstream (such as with a sudden burst appendix), then the resulting infection can kill a person.

The other way that bugs turn bad is that they can learn to be bad through evolutionary processes such as a “near-death” experience. Another pathway that our normal microflora can turn into bad bugs is by acquiring new genes that allow the bugs to overcome human immune responses. Remember, the bugs want to stay alive and not get killed by the immune responses. This group is known as the superbugs. But let’s get back to the biofilms.

Biofilms on surfaces

Most biofilms are formed within a moist or hydrated environment (i.e. in water). But more recent studies have shown that biofilms also can be formed on dry surfaces, where they have quite different characteristics and survival performance. Within these biofilms, the bacteria can communicate with each other both actively and passively, somewhat like an educational classroom.

Now if a superbug lands onto a surface, it can form a biofilm just like its friendly cousins. But a surface doesn’t normally fight back, so survival is a bit easier. Now if we go and clean the surface, then most of the transient bugs will be removed, but not the biofilm and not the resident bugs within the biofilm.

Through recent research developments, we have been able to find dry surface biofilms (mostly containing superbugs) on nearly 90% of all high-touch objects and surfaces within intensive care units. This finding of the presence of dry surface biofilms has proved to be a worldwide problem. The biofilms created by these microbes, on all sorts of surfaces, demonstrate a remarkable resistance to cleaning and disinfecting. Even more terrifying is that the bugs hidden within the biofilms demonstrate an even greater capacity to resist antimicrobial treatments. That includes antibiotics and disinfectants.

The resilient biofilm

New microbial methods have been developed to mimic in the lab what is the live experience of these biofilm bacteria within a health care setting. From these methods, we have shown that bacteria within a biofilm are 200 times more resistant to antibiotics. And it has been shown that bacteria in a dry surface biofilm have more than 1,000 times more resistance to chlorine disinfectants.

Work published as part of our on-going 20+ year program has shown just how resilient the biofilms are to remove. In one recent study, we demonstrated that if you dried a culture of bacteria onto a stainless-steel surface (not an overly friendly surface for bacterial survival), you could wipe away 99.9% with a single swipe of a wet cloth. After 5 wipes, 99.999% were removed.

However, if you took that same bacteria and grew it into a dry surface biofilm, even after 50 wipes you only removed a little over 96%. That is, the biofilm bacteria are 100 times harder to remove than the dry culture without a biofilm! And if you touch the biofilm, the bugs that jump onto your fingers or gloves, will typically stay on your fingers or gloves for up to 19 subsequent touches.

Rethink cleaning methods

What are the implications of biofilms, particularly for cleaning and disinfecting within healthcare and senior living facilities? Probably two things stand out. First, cleaning has never been more important. These biofilms, particularly dry surface biofilms, are tenacious, residential, and require very specific products to both remove the biofilm and kill off the bad bugs. Second, cleaning monitoring is a critical requirement to get right. We need to ensure that both qualitative and quantitative systems of monitoring are routinely employed to ensure cleaning compliance is achieved.

Remember, the bugs want to survive. They may not intend to kill the patients, but if substandard cleaning is the approach accepted, then patient morbidity and mortality may be a consequence of their survival.

Perhaps we need to rethink our cleaning methods to catch up to what these bugs are doing. 

About the Author.

Dr. Greg Whiteley is the chairman of Whiteley Corp. based in Australia and has been a member of ISSA for more than 40 years.